Budget Variance Report for Hospital Department Assignment

Spending Variance Report for Hospital Department - Assignment Example The specialist of this task examines the accepted procedures, that are required when setting and overseeing wellbeing emergency clinic financial plans. These essentially, incorporate yet not constrained to utilizing relative benchmarks, setting cutting-edge, superior office financial plans, building up a social viewpoint of responsibility, overseeing costs, for example, pay rates and supplies genially, maintain observing changes and having restorative activity plan and utilizing a reasonable scorecard. In the same way as other wellbeing frameworks offices for the most part trail to achieve its activity focuses with this case within reach of variety of more significant compensations and considerably more than provisions noted. For that month, capacity to meet planned working edge targets was impractical. Thus, supplies had quelled expected normal month to month working edge to help the medical clinic in running its area of expertise. To conclude that, the analyst of this task is to ta ke a gander at factors that came about to the fluctuation. During that time, the office burned through 80% more on things not planned for that month meant a 3.6% normal spending difference. In any case, a basic look indicated that 40% of the 80% dollar esteem totaled vital spans added to unforeseen volume increment after the financial plan initially drawn. The scientist expresses that spending fluctuation report should have been made from general record framework, income and costs. Different variables considered in this task are real outcomes, spending difference, percent change and alongside financial plan.

49 Facebook Marketing Tips to Drive Better Results Right Now

49 Facebook Marketing Tips to Drive Better Results Right Now Facebook is the most generally utilized web based life stage today. With more than 2 billion dynamic clients, your association has many individuals to intrigue. In any case, with declining natural reach, prevailing on the stage is more troublesome than any other time in recent memory. Whats a bustling advertiser to do? Take a stab at beginning with these 49 brisk tips for accomplishing increasingly successful promoting on the stage. Regardless of whether you’re a Facebook novice or your association has been dynamic on the stage for quite a long time, this post is pressed with significant hints that will: Assist you with enhancing your profile. Make posts that stick out and drive huge amounts of commitment. Figure out how to assemble and investigate information to demonstrate your endeavors are working. Furthermore, a mess more. In this way, delve in, get some free formats, and become familiar with some new Facebook promoting strategies you can execute at this moment. Theres bound to be in any event a couple of you havent attempted previously. Download Our Facebook Marketing Templates Bundle Get all that you have to make your Facebook promoting a triumph including: An internet based life content schedule to begin arranging and sorting out your posts. A Facebook showcasing procedure layout to help manage your social group through need sorts of substance to post. A Facebook video advertising system manual for help your group choose what sorts of recordings you’ll produce for your Facebook channel. An infographic on the best occasions to present via web-based networking media on keep close by for reference. A web based life report layout to introduce the presentation of your Facebook showcasing endeavors (and online life promoting no matter how you look at it). An online life ROI report layout to monitor the amount Facebook is adding to your primary concern. Did You Know Makes Facebook Marketing Easy? is a definitive across the board showcasing and internet based life schedule to design and distribute each post. (Alongside arranging everything else in your advertising system, as well). With , you can: Plan your whole web based life and promoting technique in one spot. Calendar the entirety of your online networking advancement (counting Facebook posts) close by the entirety of your other substance and tasks. Measure the aftereffects of your Facebook promoting endeavors with worked in highlights like Social Engagement Reports. Need to perceive how it functions? Tangle a free preliminary and use it to attempt a portion of your new Facebook promoting tips. Chapter by chapter guide: The Full List of 49 Tips Improve Your Profile Photo Improve Your Cover Photo Add a Call to Action to Your Cover Photo Complete Your Facebook Business Bio Information Use Facebook Tabs Offer the Right Content Stir Up Unlinked Posts Like Other Pages as Your Business Keep steady over Facebook Updates and Changes Plan Posts in Advance With Set Clear Goals Build up Voice and Tone Make a Facebook Group Test With Video Posts Offer Videos Natively Attempt Facebook Live Utilize the Poll Feature Attempt Different Types of Image Posts Upgrade Links Use Facebook Post Targeting Utilize the Social Message Optimizer Maintain a strategic distance from Cross-Posting Make a Facebook Event Post at the Best Times Utilize Best Time Scheduling Ability Often to Post on Facebook Use Monitoring Tools Make Facebook Ads Research Other Pages' Ads Add Social Sharing Buttons to Your Site Add a Link to Your Facebook Page in Your Email Signature Pin an Awesome Post to Your Page Distribute User Generated Content Welcome People to Like Your Page From Your Ads Run a Facebook Contest Cooperate With Influencers Label Other Companies in Posts Focus on Your Audience With Facebook Product Sales Ads Lift Posts the Right Way Use Dull Posts Use Carousel Ads Cross-Promote Ads on Instagram Use Facebook Ads Manager Focus on Facebook Analytics Utilize Social Engagement Reports in Track Facebook Referral Traffic With UTMs Test Ad Design and Copy Be Mindful of Customer Service Part with Great Content For Free49 Facebook Marketing Tips to Drive Better Results Right Now by means of @Tips For Setting Up Your Facebook Business Page The initial phase in any Facebook promoting technique is getting your business page set up. You may as of now have a business page ready for action, however these tips can in any case help ensure your profile is viably enhanced. 1. Upgrade Your Profile Picture The most ideal approach to upgrade your profile picture is to: Utilize your logo. Ensure it’s a high-goals photograph is still clear when it’s contracted down to little measure. Guarantee it’s 180px by 180 px. For instance, investigate Target. Their profile picture is clear, in any event, when seeing in a portable application: 2. Pick the Right Cover Photo To guarantee that your spread photograph has the most extreme effect, the photograph should: Be the right size at 828 px by 315 px. Relate back to your profile picture. The two should fit together. Be under 60 seconds if your group is utilizing a spread video. For instance, Lululemon utilizes a connecting with photographs of their item being used to feature new yoga pants, their staple item: You can utilize video from occasions and other in the background minutes to grandstand organization culture and more in your spread photograph: Posted by Concordia College on Monday, October 9, 2017 3. Include a Call-To-Action Your Cover Photo Your spread photograph gives you loads of room to play with, and it’s a critical piece of your Facebook profile. Why squander that huge measure of room when you can include a convincing CTA and urge your crowd to make a move? You have three distinct alternatives for your spread photograph CTA. It can highlight: 1) The like catch: this sort of CTA ought to be utilized when you need to develop your crowd. It guides them legitimately and keeps it basic since they should simply click. A case of this is one of Short Stacks past spread photographs: Facebook has changed their spread photograph rules. We're telling you the best way to use these changes. This week we're showing requesting that individuals Like you. Stay tuned for additional in the weeks to come! Posted by ShortStack on Monday, April 8, 2013 2) The follow button: The follow button is somewhat not the same as the like catch in the way that crowd individuals who pick this activity have more authority over when your substance appears in their feed. They can decide to organize your substance, so it shows up promptly in their newsfeed or even get notices each time you post. Your spread photograph could be as basic as this one: 3) Custom CTA button: Facebook likewise gives you the choice to include a custom CTA button your Facebook channel that your spread photograph can help drive your crowd to click. To utilize this catch, go to your Business page, and in the upper right-hand corner underneath your spread photograph you should see + Add a Button: A spring up window will show up soliciting you pick the sort from button you need to put on your page: Every choice has a progression of various CTA’s to look over. Your group should choose what activity you need your crowd to take to decide the correct catch type: When you select your CTA, Facebook will walk you through how to pick the means that you need your crowd you take after they click that button. For this model, we needed individuals to visit the site: From that point forward, the CTA catch ought to show up on your page: So what does a spread photograph that’s point to a CTA button resemble? This is one of the spread photographs we had up that urge individuals to tap the catch to pursue a preliminary of our item: Suggested Reading: How to Write a Call to Action in a Template With 6 Examples 4. Fill in Your Facebook Business Bio Completely The last advance in making your Facebook business page is to round out your life story. Facebook has a more broad bio segment than other informal communities. The initial segment of your profile ought to include: The establishing date of your organization. Your statement of purpose. Contact data including telephone numbers and email addresses. Connections to your site. The following piece of your profile is going to give your clients more data about who and what your association does. It ought to include: A short â€Å"about us† area. An organization review. General data. A rundown of items and administrations your organization offers. The last piece of your profile is called â€Å"Story.† This is a space that your association can use to clarify how your organization began as well as what makes your association you. 5. Use Facebook Tabs To Organize Your Content Facebook tabs are an incredible method to sort out various substance types and permit your crowd to discover the data they are searching for. Two or three things that advertisers should remember with regards to utilizing Facebook tabs: 1) Their area has changed: Before Facebook tabs used to be found right underneath your spread photograph, and styled like how you would see tabs in a file organizer. Presently tabs are found vertically on the left-hand side of your profile: 2) You can include pre-made tabs to your Facebook page: To get to those tabs go to the settings on your business page: Select Edit Page: Look down to Tabs: In the event that you select Use Default Tabs Facebook will consequently pick the tabs that they accept would be the best fit for your page. Else, you can include other premade tabs by looking to the base of the tabs segment and clicking Add a Tab: 3) Build Your Own Tabs: Facebook gives administrator and page editors the alternative to assemble their own tabs utilizing the Facebook Developer page. This procedure can get confounded rapidly, particularly if you’re lacking coding aptitudes. Luckily, Facebook has a full instructional exercise in the event that your advancement group needs assistance beginning. Suggested Reading: The HTML Cheat Sheet Every Content Marketer Needs 6. Offer Your Best Content On the off chance that your compass, offers, and commitment are low, it could imply that your crowd simply doesn't care for the substance you're sharing. Luckily, there are approaches to

GoodData founder Roman Stanek talks about his business

GoodData founder Roman Stanek talks about his business INTRODUCTIONMartin: Hi, today we are in San Francisco and doing good with GoodData. Roman, who are you and what do you do?Roman: Im Roman Stanek, Im the founder and CEO of GoodData and we help companies to collect, store, organize, analyze, visualize and distribute data.Martin: Great.Martin: What did you do before you started this company?Roman: I started number of companies, multiple companies, all in hi-tech space. When Java was two months old I started company called Net Beans and its now part of Oracle. Then I moved on and started company called Systinet thats now part of HP and its one of the first cloud-based companies. AWS started, it was my first customer was AWS a long time ago.Martin: So you are totally into clouds?Roman: Totally the cloud follow ups, exactly, 11-12 years.Martin: Great. And how did you come up with the idea of GoodData?Roman: The GoodData idea is actually my initial idea 20-years ago when I started my career. I actually spent time in the database business, I worked for Sybase and seven years ago, when I started, I looked at what the next opportunity would be. I kind of came up with this idea of kind of data in the cloud and as a next big thing. And it was so early, the term big data was not coined then, and even the fact I was able to buy gooddata.com, data was not in fashion in 2007 when I actually started the company.BUSINESS MODEL OF GOODDATAMartin: And can you briefly describe how the business model works at GoodData?Roman: The business model is a SaaS model, so we dont Its a subscription based model. As I said, we help companies to manage their data and GoodData is an end-to-end platform. So, we do every single step from getting the data to getting the finished visualization and so forth and so on, and we charge monthly fee for it and thats kind of the most predictable and the most efficient way how companies can buy analytics these days.Martin: Ok. And are you focusing on a specific kind of function in a company, like marketing, sales, funds, whatever, or is it that you are a general platform for everything related to data?Roman: It is actually, on one hand Gooddata is generic platform, so it can be used by IT and different parts of organization. But if you look at whats happening at modern enterprise, only 5-7 years ago most of the data was created inside of the firewall, in some ERP function in some SAP and so on, and thats where most analytics used to be. Now, the analytics is all focused on external, the touch points with customers, how do we interact with our customers and prospects and partners on the web, on social and mobile and so on. So, most of the data is actually created outside of the firewall and thats why we analyze it in the cloud, and the next step would be, kind of the internet of things when 99% of data will be created outside of the firewall. Now we analyze the interactions of our customers data, in couple years we will be analyzing interactions with devices of our customers. And thats kind of the next evolution of big data.Martin: How did you acquire the first customers when you started out?Roman: How did we acquire customers Its interesting If you look at being entrepreneur, your first customer is almost like your VC. They almost get no benefit out of it, not even equity, and so the first customer needs to be somebody who really trusts you, who actually is so visionary that he wants to do better than just follow company. They want to help the whole industry, because its a lot of reward, working with a product thats half build, half backed, not ready, its actually a lot of work and even if you get it for free, its still difficult.Martin: How do you convince those guys?Roman: Again, its they need to be visionary, you dont need to convince them, they almost need to convince you. The first customer needs to be who says Im looking for is to increase the competitiveness of my company. Im really into it. It really needs to be almost like a co-founder.Martin: Okay, gre at!CORPORATE STRATEGYMartin: Lets talk about corporate strategies. What do you think is the distinction between you and your competitors?Roman: What really makes us set apart is, first of all, we really have this vision for solving the problem completely. Most companies, if you ask them What do you do?, they say We do: how we do visualization or we do data cleansing, or some of the aspects of data measurement, and we essentially do the whole end-to-end from data to insights.Martin: Ok, great. If youre looking at your product strategy for the next 3-5 years, what are the areas you would like to dig into?Roman: The next 3-5 years its going to be a lot about the volume of data, internet of things, unstructured data, more and more data is now being introduced by the way we interact, the visual and social and so on. Its also going to be about being able to find insights automatically, machine learning and so on. And the last one is ability to benchmark data automatically. If I tell you t hat you can close a deal in 20 days, its valuable, but if I tell you that your competitors close deals in 10 days, you know that youre not doing well. So, being able to kind of put data in perspective is going to be more and more important.Martin: When you look at the marketplace, there are several big data startups who are just trying to solve one problem and one industry, like, for example, for the finance industry and banking etc., there are several startups. And youre trying to solve this kind of big data problem for lot of functions, for lot of industries. What is the reason behind doing that? Would it be more adventurous for focusing only on one industry and solving their problems much better?Roman: I see that this is kind of, as I said, on one hand we are generic platform, but we really focus on sales and marketing executive. Thats where the most of the customer interaction actually is. And at the same time, kind of the cloud based platform that is open and has APIs and so on . We actually let our customers to decide and take us where they want to take us.Martin: Ok, great.MARKET DEVELOPMENTMartin: If you look at the market in general, what is the perspective on the major trends happening right now in the cloud industry?Roman: The cloud industry, first of all, big players are really investing heavily. This city was full of Oracle in the last couple days and Oracle is saying well yes, its not only Google and AWS, its also Oracle, Microsoft is big in the cloud and so on. Its really kind of industry that is maturing very fast and its being kind of endorsed by major players. In five years, we will not see the traditional IT organization as we see today. Its going to all move to the cloud and the CIO will not stand for informational infrastructure, it will actually be innovation.Martin: OK. And do you also see some kind of external certification companies, lets say certifying security, or data related kind of concerns?Roman: Oh, its already happening, obvious ly, the security and privacy. We actually, big part of it we are kicking off of data privacy initiative. But there are many organizations that do it.Martin: OK, great.ADVICE TO ENTREPRENEURS FROM ROMAN STANEK During our interview tour in Silicon Valley, we talked with entrepreneur Roman Stanek about the business model of GoodData. Furthermore, Roman shares his learnings and advice for young entrepreneurs.The transcript of the interview is included below.INTRODUCTIONMartin: Hi, today we are in San Francisco and doing good with GoodData. Roman, who are you and what do you do?Roman: Im Roman Stanek, Im the founder and CEO of GoodData and we help companies to collect, store, organize, analyze, visualize and distribute data.Martin: Great.Martin: What did you do before you started this company?Roman: I started number of companies, multiple companies, all in hi-tech space. When Java was two months old I started company called Net Beans and its now part of Oracle. Then I moved on and started company called Systinet thats now part of HP and its one of the first cloud-based companies. AWS started, it was my first customer was AWS a long time ago.Martin: So you are totally into clouds?Roman: Totally the cloud follow ups, exactly, 11-12 years.Martin: Great. And how did you come up with the idea of GoodData?Roman: The GoodData idea is actually my initial idea 20-years ago when I started my career. I actually spent time in the database business, I worked for Sybase and seven years ago, when I started, I looked at what the next opportunity would be. I kind of came up with this idea of kind of data in the cloud and as a next big thing. And it was so early, the term big data was not coined then, and even the fact I was able to buy gooddata.com, data was not in fashion in 2007 when I actually started the company.BUSINESS MODEL OF GOODDATAMartin: And can you briefly describe how the business model works at GoodData?Roman: The business model is a SaaS model, so we dont Its a subscription based model. As I said, we help companies to manage their data and GoodData is an end-to-end platform. So, we do every single step from getting the data to getting the finished visualization and so for th and so on, and we charge monthly fee for it and thats kind of the most predictable and the most efficient way how companies can buy analytics these days.Martin: Ok. And are you focusing on a specific kind of function in a company, like marketing, sales, funds, whatever, or is it that you are a general platform for everything related to data?Roman: It is actually, on one hand Gooddata is generic platform, so it can be used by IT and different parts of organization. But if you look at whats happening at modern enterprise, only 5-7 years ago most of the data was created inside of the firewall, in some ERP function in some SAP and so on, and thats where most analytics used to be. Now, the analytics is all focused on external, the touch points with customers, how do we interact with our customers and prospects and partners on the web, on social and mobile and so on. So, most of the data is actually created outside of the firewall and thats why we analyze it in the cloud, and the next step would be, kind of the internet of things when 99% of data will be created outside of the firewall. Now we analyze the interactions of our customers data, in couple years we will be analyzing interactions with devices of our customers. And thats kind of the next evolution of big data.Martin: How did you acquire the first customers when you started out?Roman: How did we acquire customers Its interesting If you look at being entrepreneur, your first customer is almost like your VC. They almost get no benefit out of it, not even equity, and so the first customer needs to be somebody who really trusts you, who actually is so visionary that he wants to do better than just follow company. They want to help the whole industry, because its a lot of reward, working with a product thats half build, half backed, not ready, its actually a lot of work and even if you get it for free, its still difficult.Martin: How do you convince those guys?Roman: Again, its they need to be visionary, you d ont need to convince them, they almost need to convince you. The first customer needs to be who says Im looking for is to increase the competitiveness of my company. Im really into it. It really needs to be almost like a co-founder.Martin: Okay, great!CORPORATE STRATEGYMartin: Lets talk about corporate strategies. What do you think is the distinction between you and your competitors?Roman: What really makes us set apart is, first of all, we really have this vision for solving the problem completely. Most companies, if you ask them What do you do?, they say We do: how we do visualization or we do data cleansing, or some of the aspects of data measurement, and we essentially do the whole end-to-end from data to insights.Martin: Ok, great. If youre looking at your product strategy for the next 3-5 years, what are the areas you would like to dig into?Roman: The next 3-5 years its going to be a lot about the volume of data, internet of things, unstructured data, more and more data is now being introduced by the way we interact, the visual and social and so on. Its also going to be about being able to find insights automatically, machine learning and so on. And the last one is ability to benchmark data automatically. If I tell you that you can close a deal in 20 days, its valuable, but if I tell you that your competitors close deals in 10 days, you know that youre not doing well. So, being able to kind of put data in perspective is going to be more and more important.Martin: When you look at the marketplace, there are several big data startups who are just trying to solve one problem and one industry, like, for example, for the finance industry and banking etc., there are several startups. And youre trying to solve this kind of big data problem for lot of functions, for lot of industries. What is the reason behind doing that? Would it be more adventurous for focusing only on one industry and solving their problems much better?Roman: I see that this is kind of, as I said, on one hand we are generic platform, but we really focus on sales and marketing executive. Thats where the most of the customer interaction actually is. And at the same time, kind of the cloud based platform that is open and has APIs and so on. We actually let our customers to decide and take us where they want to take us.Martin: Ok, great.MARKET DEVELOPMENTMartin: If you look at the market in general, what is the perspective on the major trends happening right now in the cloud industry?Roman: The cloud industry, first of all, big players are really investing heavily. This city was full of Oracle in the last couple days and Oracle is saying well yes, its not only Google and AWS, its also Oracle, Microsoft is big in the cloud and so on. Its really kind of industry that is maturing very fast and its being kind of endorsed by major players. In five years, we will not see the traditional IT organization as we see today. Its going to all move to the cloud and the CIO will not stand for informational infrastructure, it will actually be innovation.Martin: OK. And do you also see some kind of external certification companies, lets say certifying security, or data related kind of concerns?Roman: Oh, its already happening, obviously, the security and privacy. We actually, big part of it we are kicking off of data privacy initiative. But there are many organizations that do it.Martin: OK, great.ADVICE TO ENTREPRENEURS FROM ROMAN STANEKMartin: You started several companies, Roman. What advice would you give your son if he would ask you Should I start a company and how should I do it?Roman: I would say, at the end of the day, being entrepreneur its, you have to really work hard, its all about being all-in in what you do and being extremely paranoid every time you have a good idea, you have to always assume that there will be 10 people who actually do the same. At the same time, you have to assume a lot of risk. Because you do something that nobody has done before you . So, its kind of that combination of being able to be all-in into an area or initiative that nobody believes in, thats kind of combination thats difficult for many people. Some people like to work hard, but they would not take the risk. Some people to take the risk but they are not willing to work hard. And you have to do both.Martin: What advice can you give somebody who says I want to start a company but I dont have an idea?Roman: Go and get a job and see where there are problems. That’s how many large companies started, by somebody saying I worked for this large company, I was kind of disappointed by this missing piece of the process so I clearly saw there is something missing and I went and automated it. I think thats the safest way how to start a company, its to actually spot a problem in somebodys payroll.Martin: And what other advice could you give your son?Roman: For my son, for my son its all about spend a little time in school, learning not only how to play at computers , but how to read and how to develop some critical thinking, how to be creative and so on. Because this century is going to be all about creativity and critical thinking, its going to be century when flexible and adventurous and creative people will actually win.Martin: Roman, thank you very much for your time.Roman: Excellent, thank you.Martin: And for you thinking about starting a company, next time you try to assess an idea, be critical about it. Thank you very much.

Essay on Aristotle and the Doctrine of the Mean - 2044 Words

Aristotle’s Doctrine of the Mean and the Problem of Self-Control Introduction Aristotle’s Nicomahean Ethics is a rich text of ancient wisdom, much of which has become ingrained into today’s rhetoric in many schools of thought in the western world. It is with Aristotle’s views on Virtue that this paper is primarily concerned, more specifically with his idea that to have virtue is to display attitudes and actions to a moderate and intermediate degree. Stan Van Hooft (2008) notes that, although Aristotle’s thoughts on this matter are logically sound for the most part, that his assertion that Virtue is the Mean was not his final, conclusive stance on the issue, and that this theory â€Å"is only a part of a bigger picture of virtue that he is†¦show more content†¦On the other hand, one may decide that the risk may not be worth the outcome, and exercise caution and vigilance. It is in this way that the Mean, in relating to the moral virtues, shifts and changes according to the variables of any given human being and the situa tion one finds oneself in. Does this idea hold true? Aristotle himself saw exception to his own theory. Primarily he saw that there were some actions which were not on the continuum between deficiency and excess at all. Aristotle, in Book II of his Nicomachean Ethics, says that not all actions and feelings have a mean at which to aim, â€Å"because some have names that directly connote depravity, such as malice, shamelessness and envy, and among actions adultery, theft and murder†, and as far as he is concerned these are evil in and of themselves, and not categorically defined by any excess or deficiency (Book II, iv, 1107a 9-15). In displaying these actions or feelings, says Aristotle, one is always wrong, and this is unequivocally non-circumstantial. It would be interesting at this point to open up some discussion around Aristotle’s theories on free will and responsibility. Namely, if one is forced, circumstantially or otherwise, into performing an action that is deemed non-virtuous (choo sing between the lives of two people, for example), how would AristotleShow MoreRelated Aristotle and the Doctrine of the Mean Essay1436 Words   |  6 PagesAristotle and the Doctrine of the Mean Aristotle seeks flourishing happiness in life. He believes that this can be achieved for each individual through the embracement of virtues. Aristotle believes that virtues are the mean of two vices. This is the basis of the Aristotelian â€Å"Doctrine of the Mean†. This paper will explore the basis of the Doctrine of the Mean, its connections to Eudaimonia, and its success or lack thereof. Eudaimonia is a Greek word whose meaningRead MoreAristotle s Doctrine Of The Mean1344 Words   |  6 Pagesa question today. 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In â€Å"Nicomachean Ethics† Aristotle discusses happiness, virtue, and the good life on an individual level and lays out necessary provisions for the good life of a person. He maintains that virtue is a necessary element of happiness: a manRead MoreAristotle s Doctrine Of The Mean Real Quick1571 Words   |  7 PagesFind the Mean Real Quick It is a simple exercise to find the mean between two numbers, it is the midpoint between any two values on the number line. However, when you drift away from the number system, calculating the mean of a set can be quite a different process. If you consider fear and confidence, it is less intuitive that the mean of these two qualities is bravery. And such, it even follows that there is no single variable that defines bravery. 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Such a means of organization would indeed make it easier to determine what the right thing to do is. Aristotle once attempted to formulate a similar plan. His ethics used a scheme by which characteristics could be measured and the right amount attained. Such an account isRead MoreAristotle Virtuous Character Analysis1284 Words   |  6 Pages Aristotle, a Greek philosopher, believes that one acquires virtue by exercising moral habituation. Aristotle’s theory of a virtuous character is developed by aligning with the Doctrine of the Mean. The philosopher developed the Doctrine of the Mean in Book II of Nicomachean Ethics to serve the purpose of conveying Aristotle’s concept on virtue ethics. A virtuous character can be considered as a person who acts in the right manner through ha bit and practice rather than reasoning. Aristotle writesRead MoreEssay on Life’s Moral Character1063 Words   |  5 PagesCharacter Virtue is a state that decides consisting in a mean, which is relative to us; it is a mean between two vices, one of excess and one of deficiency. In the book, Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle uses his collection of lecture notes to establish the best way to live and acquire happiness. According to Aristotle, to live a happy life, you must obtain these to become morally good. Defining virtue and choice with the â€Å"doctrine of the mean† will guide our choices and build up moral character. WhenRead MoreEssay on The Doctrine of the Mean857 Words   |  4 PagesThe doctrine of the mean states that for someone to be a good person they must occupy the â€Å"golden mean,† meaning a person may become virtuous by acting between the extremes of excess and deficiency. For example during war, the two extremes would be for a soldier to be rash or cowardly, but being courageous is the accepted golden mean. According to Aristotle, virtue lies in between the two extremes, which are the vices, and thus a virtuous person is one who can find the mean that is relative toRead MoreThe Issue Of Animal Cruelty1023 Words   |  5 Pagesreason to be in existence. Everything must have an ends to itself rather than a means to another ends (Aristotle, 617-636). Aristotle examines the idea of function and purposefulness within the ten books of Nicomachean Ethics. Finding this ends to itself is how one can achieve the ultimate happiness. Aristotle discovers that if everything has an ends to itself, man too, must have an end. What does being a â€Å"person† really mean, and who is eligible to classify themselves as a â€Å"person†? How can one distinctively

Analysis Of Plato s Republic And Aristotle s Politics

Mercedes Chien Dr. Joel Klein Contemporary Civilization 2 November 2015 Family in Political Society Plato’s Republic and Aristotle’s Politics both accredit nature to the teleological functions of men, women, and children. Nevertheless, each philosopher defines family differently to support their main goals of finding the right type of society. While Plato does not conform to the traditional definition of a family—with a husband, wife, and children—and instead defines the role of men and women separately, Aristotle uses the family as a microcosm of political society, in the hopes of showing readers how to create a just society for the former and a virtuous one for the latter. Plato describes the Kallipolis—the ideal city for the ancient Greeks—in his Republic. The Kallipolis prides itself on abiding by the truth of justice, which Plato defines as a citizen â€Å"doing one’s one work† that fits his character (Plato 119). By doing one’s own work, the citizen is contributing to the greater good of society, which Plato coins as the ultimate key to justice—accordingly, the â€Å"better [will be ruling] the worse, [which] is to be described as temperate and master of itself† (117). This specialization characterizes the role of family in the political society—one that consists of each individual doing one’s own work to contribute to the greater good. However, the family in the Republic is so loosely created that readers may interpret the â€Å"family† as nonexistent in Plato’s novel. TheShow MoreRelatedPlato s Interpretation Of Utopia1630 Words   |  7 PagesPlato and Aristotle shared many differences despite also sharing a teacher student relationship. This essay will strive to establish their understandings of reason and the role reason plays in their comprehensions of politics, differentiating between the kinds of reason and politics produced as a result. Plato is regarded as the first writer of political philosophy while Aristotle is recognised as the first political scientist. Plato’s interpretation of Utopia is founded upon the existence of threeRead MoreComparing Plato s Republic, The Philosopher And Plato965 Words   |  4 PagesIn Plato s Republic, the philosopher is sitting having a discussion with his fellow peers and friends. During this conversation each character except Plato offers their opening and reasoning on the question, what is justice. For the majority of the book Plato outlines almost every aspect of his ideal city. Within this city Plato has set up many rules in order for the city to remain just. All the way from mating rituals to who should rule, virtually all factors have been thought of and serves a specificRead MoreGreek And Classical Greek Philosophy997 Words   |  4 Pagesseveral city-states, which ran separately and independent from each other. However, they shared commonalities, such as common an cestry, language, and festivals. Foreigners were all considered barbarians to the Greek. Greek Culture is reflected in today s Society in many ways. These ways include mathematics, government, medicine, art, and architecture. Without Greek Culture, we would not have the idea of mathematical proof or geometry, which are still used today. Without Greek Culture, we also wouldnRead MoreGreek Philosophers Bible On The Ancient World And English I2969 Words   |  12 Pages Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle s early lives affected their careers and Greek society, and their deaths and works of literature affected today s society. Socrates started out as a stone mason who eventually devoted most of his time to philosophy. Socrates works of literature reflect his world views and opinions. These opinions had a fatal consequence; he was persecuted for corrupting the youth of Athens. Socrates was Plato s teacher and instructor. Plato used his works of literatureRead More Politics Essay1524 Words   |  7 Pages Politics: the inescapable stalker of our society Politics is a process by which a group of people, whose opinions or interests might be divergent, reach collective decisions that are generally regarded as binding on the group and enforced as common policy. Political theory or political philosophy is as old as the oldest civilisations. The Greek philosophers, such as Aristotle and Plato, developed important political theories and methods of government alongside their more abstract philosophiesRead MoreAristotle, Plato, And Rousseau : What Is Natural And The Nature Of Man2104 Words   |  9 Pages 2016 Aristotle, Plato, and Rousseau: What is Natural and The Nature of Man As mentioned in the essay prompt, authors in this course have used the term(s) nature/natural in various ways to frame and support their arguments. As I identified in my previous paper, â€Å"In Book 1 of Aristotle s Politics, Aristotle begins by defining the city and or political community while also making the case that nearly everything exist for the sake of achieving some sort of good.† It is here that Aristotle introducesRead MorePlato And Aristotle s Views On Political Philosophy Essay3649 Words   |  15 Pagesand also metaphysics. Political thinkers are the pioneers of â€Å"Modern Politics† in the world. The first serious political thinkers emerged in Greece. Plato and Aristotle are two great philosophers of ancient Greece. Plato in his book â€Å"The Republic† delivers the concept of utopian society which means an imaginary society in which people live in a perfect environment governed by the laws that provides happiness to everyone. 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Aspects of Human Resource Management Free Essays

Aspects of Human Resource Management The main focus of Human Resource Management is personnel and how they can be best utilized to accomplish the mission of the organization based on several aspects of the department. These aspects are Equal Opportunity and Affirmative Action, Human Resource Planning, Execution and Selection, Human Resources Development, Compensation and Benefits, Safety and Health, and Employee and Labor Relations. Each area serves a dual purpose of helping the employer provide a better environment to their employees and ensure the success of the company. We will write a custom essay sample on Aspects of Human Resource Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now This paper will reflect on each aspect of human resource management and discuss how they work together to perform the primary function. Almost all aspects of human resource management are affected by Equal Employment Opportunity and Affirmative Action laws. These laws govern the human resource process of recruiting, selecting and promoting the best and most qualified person for the job. It protects employees or potential recruits from discrimination based on race, color, gender, age, religion or national origin (as cited by Youssef, 2012. Sec 1. 5). One example of discrimination in the workplace would be an employer asking applicants to list their background/ethnicity on an employment application with the intent to use that information for hiring purposes. This type of business practice is illegal and can have damaging consequences such as a class action lawsuit or a negative image on the organization. Decisions concerning all aspects of human resource management should be based off the best interest of the company. The more diverse a company is the more effective it can operate because it brings new ideas and different perspectives to the table. Another important aspect of human resource management is planning. Planning is the process of setting a goal or task, and determining step by step how an organization will achieve those goals. In order for an organization to achieve its strategic objectives it requires a lot of planning. This major task is one of many functions performed by the human resources department. human resource planning is responsible for managing all matters relating to employees. They must accurately predict the number of employees the rganization will need in order to achieve the organization’s strategic goals. Having too many or too little employees can hinder the organizations ability to operate efficiently, effectively and competitively. Once it is determined how many employees are needed, human resource staff must select qualified applicants to fulfill desired positions based on an employee’s knowledge, skill and abilities. Also, they must plan how to best utilize the workforce’s skills and talents in order to obtain a competitive advantage over their counterparts. Furthermore in relating to human resource planning, part of achieving an organization’s goal is it must have the right amount of people to do the job and a plan on how to retain them once the selection process has occurred. For example, in order for the military to achieve its strategic objectives, it must have the right number of soldiers to fulfill certain jobs or tasks. Like any other organization, in order to be considered for a position in the military, you must take an aptitude test to determine what jobs in the military would best suit your abilities. Based off how you score will determine what jobs you qualify for. This score is known as the Armed Forces Qualification Test Score and is important because it determines whether you can join the military service of your choice. Each branch of service has set their own minimum AFQT score. Another part of strategic planning in the military is retaining soldiers and in order to retain qualified soldiers they offer incentives such as sign-on bonuses, reenlist bonuses, assignment preferences†¦ etc Human Development is another aspect that is essential to the management, training, and improvement of employees. At different stages of their careers, employees need different kinds of training. Human Resources Management’s role is to provide this training to employees to sharpen their skills and the organization’s capability. When the organization invests in improving the knowledge and skills of their employees, the investment is returned in the form of productivity and effective employees. As time passes and technology changes the role of training and development programs will be transformed. As employees, we need to be flexible and partake in continuous learning. Also, updating your skill set will be critical to your personal and professional success. In order to measure the effectiveness of training, there are several steps you can take to ensure it works. The first step would be to ask for feedback from the employees once training has been conducted. If the training does not pertain to the actual job or is lacking pertinent information the employees’ feedback can help improve the training. The next measure to take to test the effectiveness of training is to administer a pre-test and post-test and compare the results. The pre-test will tell you how much knowledge the employee started with, and how much they really learned from the training at the end will be revealed with the post-test. The last step is to observe an employee work to see if what they learned in training is actually being applied to the job. Everyone has their own reason for working and money is usually the most important factor because it pays the bills. However, employee benefits are equally as important to keeping employees motivated to work. Healthcare costs can become extremely expensive, especially for those families with medical issues and having insurance to cover those costs can benefit more than pay. Additionally, with inflation and the cost of living rising, people cannot afford to live off social security alone. A pension plan can help supplement social security benefits after retirement. Other types of employee benefits provide security for families in the event of disability or death. Human Resource Management has a responsibility to ensure the health and safety of their employees. Every organization should have policies and procedures established for integrating health and safety practices in the workplace and ensure resources are available to assist employees in the event of a mishap. This aspect correlates with training because human resource managers should ensure that employees are aware and familiar with all the hazards that exist within their immediate work center and know how to report any issues if someone becomes injured or ill. How to cite Aspects of Human Resource Management, Papers

Resort Management Roles and Responsibilities

Question: Discuss about the Resort Management for Roles and Responsibilities. Answer: Introduction: There are a series of responsibilities that resort need to manage effectively. From managing the staff in several department and keeping up to on the trends to assure that the customers are comfortable as well as satisfied with the stay; thereby the resort manager needs to be qualified professional to handle this increasing range of responsibilities. The roles and responsibilities of the employees of the resort could vary based on the type of the resort. Thus, to understand the roles and responsibilities of one particular category of resort staff, the report considers Legion E-Sport Resort, which is situated in Phoenix Island, Sanya, China. The gross floor ratio of the resort is around 47.00%. The current report focuses on the primary responsibilities of front house staff of Legion E-Sport Resort. Role of and primary responsibilities of the front staff Primary responsibilities- The people who work at the front desk of the resort are the person that visitors see when they walk in and out. The posture and the gesture of the receptionist makes the visitors ask for help and information and because of this reason receptionist needs to be clued up on the things going around the resort. The receptionists may turn to the receptionists for information regarding the areas, where they could eat, sit and enjoy trip. The front office staff or the receptionists need to perform all of the major duties such as directing phone calls, filling as well s replying to faxes and replying to the mails. The receptionist also should take the responsibilities of keeping the record of staff that have not come and come to the office. The personnel involved in this particular job role need to ensure all files, papers and documents are kept confidential, especially the customers information and billing transactions. The receptionist might have to help the office clerk whenever they require help it. This may require the receptionists to do invoice preparation, filling, updating system work, data entry and photocopying. Moreover, the front office staff or the receptionists need to arrange the travel for the manger of the resort going the meeting and making sure that they have the accommodations. Sometimes, the front office staff have to ensure that office equipments supply is always replenished as well as in operational order. This may include the computers, photocopiers and the basic equipments such as stationary. As mentioned by Ali, Hussain and Ragavan (2014) the front office staff have to take the responsibility by teaching the junior the ropes and helping the junior employees get through the day and showing them how to take care of the their jobs. Furthermore, it is also the responsibility of the front office staff to ensure that the junior staff does what required to be done and the jobs are done as well as the front office house is in uniformed state. Primary responsibilities It is very evident that night audits have to take a large variety of responsibilities starting from posting room charges on guest accounts. The night audits have to perform the duty of processing visitor charges voucher and crediting card voucher. The night audits sometime take the responsibilities transferring charges and depositing to master accounts. It is observed that some large resorts put a wide range of duties and responsibilities on the night audits; even sometimes, few tasks may not come under the responsibility of the night audit but due to the unavailability of the staff, the night audit perform that task. The responsibility of the night audit extends to the task of monitoring the current account status of coupon, discounting as well as other promotional programs. Most important duty of the night audit is to keep the track of room revenue and occupancy percentage as well as other front office statistics. It is also identified that all cash check, credit card activities ar e usually conducted by the night audits in the resort. Daily routine task of Night audits- As the daily routine task, the night audits perform the task of checking figures, posting and preparing the documents for accuracy. The night audits tend to record, keep, access as well as analyze the financial information. Furthermore, they take the responsibility of balancing the days charge and making correction as required. As mentioned by Ali and Amin (2014), the night audits have the ability to function as a front desk agent particularly in terms of check in and checkout procedures. Cooperation with others: It is necessary for the night audits to cooperate with the other colleagues in the workplace. In addition, the resort provides the appropriate training and development session for the staff for building an effective organizational culture. For example, the some employees may run late or may not come; in such situation, the organization needs to arrange the work by other staff. Thus, employees of each department have been trained with such behavior and practice. Reservations Primary responsibilities- The reservation agents of the resort take the responsibility of processing reservations by mail, telephone, telex and central reservation system referral. In addition, the reservation agent of the Legion E-sport resort has to process the reservations from the sales office as well as other hotel department. People performing this particular job role need to know the type of room available as well as location and their layout. They should know selling status, rates as well as benefits of all package plans. The reservation agents of the resort must know the credit policy and the process of coding each reservation. The reservation agents need to create as well as maintain reservations records based on the current dates and alphabetical listing. In addition, they may have to determine the room rates based on the selling tactics of the hotel. As put forward by Canavan (2014), the reservation agent of the resort should enhance the skills of communicating the reserv ation information to the front desk. They should have proper knowledge and information regarding the hotel policy on guaranteed reservations as well as no-shows. Daily routine task of reservation agent- The reservation agent of the hotel needs to process advanced deposits on the reservations and track future room availabilities based on the reservations. As the daily responsibility, the reservation agent of the resort needs to develop the revenue of the room and occupancy forecast. Cooperation with the others- As put forward by Carroll and Buchholtz (2014) the reservation agents of the resort should have good communication skills to interact with the visitors and other staff that are working in the resort. Reservation agents should also have the skills of decision making as sometimes the senior reservation agent or the leader may not come, in such situation, agents could use the skills to handle any unexpected situation. Primary responsibilities The concierge of the resort plays a large range of duties and responsibilities to promote the effectiveness of the operation. The concierges improve a strong knowledge of the resorts facilities and services of the surrounding community. The concierges of the resort provide the visitors with information regarding the attraction, facilities, services and activities in and outside the area of the resort. As the major responsibility of the job, the concierge prepares the guest reservation for the theater as well as other type of entertainment when necessary. The concierge needs to organize special functions as directed by the management. As the duty of their job, the concierge of the hotel need to ensure that all necessary equipment maintained properly with sufficient stock for regular operation. The concierge also takes the responsibilities of ensuring that orderliness as well as safety guidelines across the lobby as well as front door areas. Daily routine task of the concierge in the resort- As the daily task, the concierge of the resort need to maintain develop and maintain a clean, healthy as well as safety-working environment. The people involved in this particular role need to coordinate guest request for special service or the equipment with the special department. The concierge also needs to contact the roomed guest periodically to ascertain any particular needs as well as handle customer complaints and resolve the issues to the extent possible. Coordination with others: Concierge needs to learn the skills of approaching the guest regarding the needs. They should learn the posture and gesture while communicating with others. This might help them to even communicate with the senior colleagues in the resort. Guest Serving- Bell Staff, Door staff and Valet parking Primary responsibilities- The bellboy of the resort needs to check the daily arrival list of VIP guests with the special requirement. The bell staff of the resort needs to ensure the collection as well as delivery of visitor luggage as well as the equipment on time. As put forward by Ali and Amin (2014), the bell staffs are the people who take care of the baggage services and the services are constraints between the lobby area and the guest room. On the contrary, the door staff of the resort takes responsibility of providing the curb side baggage and services. The door attendants also take the responsibility controlling the traffic at the hotel entrance. Conversely, Valet parking staff provides parking service for guest automobiles. In addition, the Valet parking attendants are also responsible for the security of vehicles that are moved to as well as from the hotel entrance. The Valet parking staff is not supposed to take care of their care without issuing a receipt to the guest. Li kewise, it is the responsibility of valet parking staff to keep the cards in the secure area and issue by the qualified personal. References Ali, F., Hussain, K., Ragavan, N. A. (2014). Memorable customer experience: Examining the effects of customers experience on memories and loyalty in Malaysian resort hotels.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,144, 273-279. Ali, F., Amin, M. (2014). The influence of physical environment on emotions, customer satisfaction and behavioural intentions in Chinese resort hotel industry.Journal for Global Business Advancement,7(3), 249-266. Canavan, B. (2014). Sustainable tourism: development, decline and de-growth. Management issues from the Isle of Man.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,22(1), 127-147. Carroll, A. B., Buchholtz, A. K. (2014).Business and society: Ethics, sustainability, and stakeholder management. Nelson Education. Goodhart, C. A., Schoenmaker, D. (2014). The ECB as lender of last resort?.VOX CEPRs Policy Portal. Kasim, A., Gursoy, D., Okumus, F., Wong, A. (2014). The importance of water management in hotels: a framework for sustainability through innovation. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 22(7), 1090-1107.

Free Willy 2 Essay Example

Free Willy 2 Paper This film is based partially on a true story of a captive killer whale named Keiko. Keiko also starred in parts of this film and sequels, until he became very sick and despite everyone help and concern he eventually died. This is a touching story about a boy and his killer whale. This was directed by Dwight H. Little. I intend to prove through this film, shot, music, sound, directing acting, storytelling etc. , that humans and non-humans can form a strong bond of love and loyalty. In this case a killer whale. Two years ago the boy Jesse helped the whale Willy to jump into freedom. Jesse enjoys his life with his adoptive parents, when his half brother Elvis arrives because of the death of their mother. During a camping trip Jesse meets Willy again, as wel as his Indian friend Randolph. A tender love develops between Jesse and Randolphs goddaughter Nadine. Suddenly a crashed oil tanker endangers the whales, and several animal and human lives have to be saved as well when the oil catches fire. The Genre for this film is Action/Adventure, Drama and Family. A box office hit in (1995). The themes are daring rescues, mischievous children, orphans. We will write a custom essay sample on Free Willy 2 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Free Willy 2 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Free Willy 2 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The tone is bright, compassionate, heartwarming, sentimental, summery and warm. Corliss, Richard (1995)Prince of Whales. The director and the rest of the crew did a very amazing job, with all of the different shots of the whales and the boys in the water riding the whales and playing under the water. They really show the love between the boy and the whale. The story telling was very believable. The actor who played the boy Jesse ( Jason James Richter) did a very good job with his character. All of the scenes and shots were very heartwarming. The music that was played throughout is a song titled, â€Å"Will You Be There†, sung by Michael Jackson. It would make you cry. Goodykoontz, B. amp; Jacobs, C. P.. (2011). The different sounds from Willy when he was with Jesse and the sounds from all of Willys family were true to life. Whales like humans are very intelligent creatures, they also are family oriented, they stay within their family pods for life. They have the ability to be loyal, loving and compassionate to each other and humans if given the chance. They should not be hunted by humans that are self centered. Whales have got a bad rap for many years. They will only hurt if you hurt them. In one of the scenes it shows certain humans that want to urt Willy and he does attack them, but does not hurt them bad, because Jesse talks to Willy. Pfeifer, Tom (1995). Jesse, Nadine and his half brother get the whales out to safety, but arent able to save themselves, when the tanker explodes and the oil catches fire. Their boat hits a rock and starts to sink while Glen, Annie his adopted parents and friend Randolph set out to find them in Randolphs boat while calling for help. Nadine and Elvis are air lifted to safety by a helicopter, but young Jesse is unable to hold on and falls back into the fiery water. The helicopter has to leave. Willy arrives and takes Jesse under the flames to the ther side. There they come upon the boat with Jesses family and friends and they pull Jesse up to safety. In the end the scene and shot was a little sad and at the same time very positive and heartwarming. After Jesse is on the boat, the flames keep on traveling further towards the boat. Willy makes certain sounds to Jesse as if to say and by the shot Willy did not want to leave Jesse. Thats when Jesse made a certain movement of his arm to Willy to make Willy go under and leave so the flames didnt reach Willy. Willy then understood and left. I feel that the way this story was told and the information from resources and by e watching this film proves that humans and non-humans, in this case a whale can definitely develop a strong bond of loyalty, love, compassion and communication. There are two more sequels after this one that shows the same love. References Corliss, Richard (1995) Prince of Whales. Retrieved fromhttp://www. time. com/time/ magazine/article Goodykoontz, B. ;amp; Jacobs, C. P. ( 2011) Film: Watching and Seeing, San Diego Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Retrieved from http://content. ashford. edu Pfeifer, Tom (1995). Free Willy 2: The Adventure Home. Retrieved from http://www. imdb. com/title/plotsummary

Nectar in a Sieve - Puli essays

Nectar in a Sieve - Puli essays Puli is first introduced to the readers in chapter 25 as a quick-witted and incisive ragamuffin whom for which his street know how is dually noted. The author states, He was an artful child in many ways, and more than a match for us (Markandaya 176). With a quick tongue and an acute mind he makes his day in day out routines seem facile, despite his distinct physical impediments. Fingers or no fingers, life is worth living for this child who takes advantage of every opportunity for self-gain and internal completeness. This urchin is brought into this novel with his sense of direction needing to be imparted upon a duo of country-bumpkins who obviously have no grasp of where there intended destination is. Puli assists in this operation, but not for free, for Puli is no ignoramus. Puli is incorporated into the final chapters of Nectar in a Sieve by residing with Ruku and Nathan. In order to provide a more blissful future for the couple Puli once again assists by providing employment for Ruku and Nathan. A career in stone breaking, this time a gift for free. A free donation, already showing the growing closeness between the couple and Puli. A new Puli is being formulated. A more compassionate and benevolent guru emerging from the once egotistical and self-indulgent orphan. Puli is also involved as an accountant, onlooker, and confidant, and child for the couple. Throughout these experiences Puli is entrusted with more of the couples confidence, leading him to be a more loyal and moral person. This change becomes quite evident in the authors selection of words used to illustrate Pulis character. The author states, In the short time he has spent with us we have become to be curiously dependent on the boy, respecting his independent spirit as much as hi s considerable knowledge of the city and its many kinds of people (Markandaya 178). This quote expresses how the couple, despite thei...

Cash Flow Statement Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cash Flow Statement - Coursework Example On the other hand, UKFI has adopted debtors’ management approach by adopting a credit policy that is attractive to its customers. In the year 2011, UKFI registered an increase in its trade receivables of 193,000 pounds and in 2012 a decrease of 66,000 pounds indicating that it was able to receive more funds from its debtors. On the trade payables, there was an increase of 175,000 pounds indicated that it paid less of its debts. RBS has registered a steady increase in its receivables over the two years implying that its debtors have been prompt in paying their debts. However it has registered a decrease in its payables meaning that it has increased that amount owed to its creditors. This is considered to be more risky to the firm due to its inability to maintain a low creditor’s ratio. Both firms have also adopted short term financing methods such as factoring in addition to the already existing methods to ensure that the firm does not fail to meet its short term financial obligations by relying solely on the internally generated funds. The short term financing methods allows the firms to minimize debts by transferring the risk to other firms (Plewa, 1995, 011). Both firms have been able to meet their loan payments with UKFI being the leading in the amount that it pays each year and this indicates a more prudent approach on their part. RBS has relied heavily on issue of its ordinary shares to finance its projects for the years. However in 2012, it mainly raised funds from the issue of its subordinated liabilities as well as proceeds from non-controlling interests issued. Non-controlling interest refers to that portion of a subsidiary corporations stock that is not owned by the parent corporation. It allows the firm to make its financial decision without having to consult the holders of the non-controlling interests making its holding more advantageous for the

London Through Centuries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

London Through Centuries - Essay Example Perring (2002, p.1) states that, â€Å"Roman London was built on the north bank of the Thames, the site of the modern city†. Our visit to the Museum of London helped us a lot to understand more about the after effect of the amalgamation of British and Roman cultures. The museum is not so far away from the suburbs of London because it is near the London Wall. But we did not like to waste our time by viewing all the items displayed at the Museum. We entered the Museum and the Museum authorities pointed out that the objects displayed on the floor E can help us to learn more about Roman London. The curator guided us towards a number of objects displayed at the Roman collections section. We were totally stunned with surprise because it was beyond our imagination. The artistic craftsmanship of the people who lived between AD 50 and AD 410 was really amazing to us. The Roman Collection is symbolic of the human interest in preserving historically important objects. The curator pointed out that the effort to reconstruct the city of London helped to discover the objects that were preserved under the ground for centuries. The collection primarily includes ceramic objects, marble/metal objects, coins, wooden objects, and some items in bone and leather. The ceramic display at the Museum sheds light into the lifestyle and culture of the people who lived in London between AD 50 and AD 410. ... After viewing the ceramic section, we headed towards the Marble/Metal object section. The curator led us towards the marble sculptures that are excavated from a historically important place in Roman London, known as the Temple of Mithras. Later, we viewed the metal objects discovered from the Walbrook stream. These works are symbolic of the industrialization of handicrafts and domestic life of the Roman London. For instance, the jewellery and household utensils prove that handicraft developed into the form of industry in Roman London. The next section was really interesting to me because the same revealed the vividness of the cultural aspects of Roman London. The coin collection helped me to understand more about the importance of trade and commerce in Roman London. Besides, the leather and wooden objects were helpful to understand more about handicrafts in Roman London. So, the visit to the Museum of London was helpful for us to understand the cultural aspects of Roman London. Medie val London: First of all, Medieval London is interconnected with Norman invasion, which happened in the year 1066. One can see that some of the religious buildings and monuments in the Modern London are symbolic of the cultural heritage of Medieval London. To be specific, the Norman rulers constructed a number of forts and monuments in London. So as to have deeper understanding on the historical and cultural characteristics of Medieval London, we searched for churches and historically important monuments. Then we came to know that some of the churches and monuments like St. Bartholomew the Great, St Bartholomew the less and the Guildhall are important. So, we decided to visit these churches and monuments and restructured our timetable. Our first visit was

Advantages of Composite Construction

Advantages of Composite Construction With regards to Civil and Structural Engineering, composite construction typically refers to the use of steel and concrete formed together so that the resulting component behaves as a single element. The aim of composite construction is to utilise the best properties of the different materials and to deliver performance that is greater than had the individual components been used together but not unified. In the case of steel and concrete, the best properties would be the tensile capacity of the steel and the compressive capacity of the concrete. (Nethercot, 2004) Composite construction is an effective method of construction and delivers good performance. The methodology for designing composite structures has been researched in great detail. For these reasons, composite construction is a very popular method of construction around the world. In order for the materials to behave as one element, it is necessary for some method of connecting the two materials. A shear connection between two materials will enable composite action between them. (The Institution of Structural Engineers) 2.1.1 Benefits of Composite Construction The benefits of composite construction include speed of construction, performance and value. Steel framing for a structure can be erected quickly and the pre-fabricated steel floor decks can be put in place immediately. When cured, the concrete provides additional stiffness to the structure. Additionally, the concrete encasement protects the steel from buckling, corrosion and fire. Service integration within the channels on the composite decks is another advantage to composite construction. Building quality standards can be adhered to easily by the use of pre-fabricated decks. Excessive deflections can be controlled by cambering the beams or by shoring the metal decks to limit deflection when concrete is poured. 2.1.2 Codes for the Design of Composite Structures The design of composite structures was governed by the British Standards. BS 5950-3-1 dealt with the design of beams whilst slabs were governed by BS 5950-4. Pre-fabricated decking used with composite structures was governed by BS 5950-6. Since the introduction of the Eurocode set of standards for the European Union, the design of composite structures is standardised by Eurocode 4. (BS EN 1994-1-2) (BCSA; TATA Steel; Steel Construction Institute) 2.1.3 The Principle of Composite Action The principle of Composite Action underpins the use of composite materials in construction. It relates to the interaction of two or more separate elements acting together and contributing together rather than separately. By physically connecting them, the strength of the beams and the resistance to bending, shear and torsion are significantly increased. The Principle of Composite Action is best illustrated as an example. The diagrams below shows two uniform concrete beams placed on top of each other and loaded with a uniformly distributed load. Both beams will resist the load independently and there will be relative movement between them. The bending strength will be the sum of the individual beams contribution. If the beams have width w and height h, the bending strength M will be: However, if the two beams are connected rigidly together by shear connectors and the relative movement between them is eliminated, the width remains w whilst the height becomes 2h. The bending strength M will be: This represents a doubling of the bending strength through the use of composite action. This is the principle behind the use of steel beams with reinforced concrete floor decks. The two are connected by shear connectors. The increase in strength due to composite action can be as much as 20%, resulting in lighter and thinner sections. (TATA Steel) Figure : The differences between identical beams when composite action is utilised. The beam on the left is comprised of two concrete beams that are not connected compositely. When loaded, there is relative slip between the beams. The component beams on the right are rigidly connected together by means of shear connectors. When loaded, there is no slip between the beams and the assemblage behaves as one large beam. Image from TATA Steel. 2.2 Composite Floor Deck Slabs Composite floor decks are comprised of either steel beams or concrete embedded steel beams together with a reinforced concrete slab. The profiled steel formwork that supports the concrete floor during casting is of vital importance as it also provides the shear bond to enable the materials to work compositely. The role that the profiled decking plays in fire resistance will be discussed in more detail in Section 3.3. Composite action is achieved between the beams and slab by the use of shear connectors that will be discussed in Section 2.4 in more detail. (Metal Cladding and Roofing Manufacturers Association, 2003) The profiled steel decking used in the construction of composite floor systems contributes significantly to the ease and speed at which the structure is construction. It acts as both the permanent formwork and contributes to the overall requirement of reinforcement. The performance of the steel decking when exposed to fire needs careful consideration and is dealt with in Section 3.2. Additional reinforcement is positioned in the troughs of the decking to ensure adequate performance in fire. Benefits associated with using profiled steel decking are reduced dimensions and weight of the overall structure. They also provide satisfactory performance in the areas of strength and economic constraints during construction. (Michel Crisinel, 2004) 2.2.1 Types of Composite Slabs The classification of composite slabs depends primarily on the geometry of the steel deck profile used. Shallow decks are classified by depths in the range of 120-200mm whilst deep decks are classified by depths in the range of 200-350mm. (Aida Rodera Garcia) The most common composite slab consists of the profiled steel decking and concrete cast in-situ. Once cured the concrete and decking act compositely. Sufficient interaction between the concrete is achieved by a chemical bond and a mechanical bond facilitated by the shape of the decking. In design, it is common to neglect the contribution from the chemical bond as it is unreliable. There are many different types of profiled decking available and contribute to the classification of the slab. (Nawy, 2008) Pre-cast concrete slabs can also be used to form a composite floor deck system. The slabs must be designed specifically so that they can interact with the beam system in place. The composite action in this case can be achieved by welded shear studs and transverse reinforcement across the floor deck. By utilising pre-cast concrete decks, hollow core slabs can be used. These can reduce the weight of the whole building whilst offering similar performance to solid slabs. Pre-Cast slabs are usually covered by a layer of concrete after installation to produce a more finished and aesthetic result. Figure : Examples of Hollow-Core Slabs The final type of composite floor slab is the Slim Floor. This consists of the supporting steel beam being encased in the concrete with the lower flange of the beam supporting the floor. Diagrams depicting the various composite slab types in use today are shown below. Figure 4: Proprietary Slim Floor System Slimdek- TATA Steel Figure 3: Example of Solid Slab with Topping and Encasement cast In-Situ Proprietary Slim Floor System Slimdek- TATA Steel http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0143974X99000759-gr5.gif 2.2.2 Design Composite floor decks are comprised of permanent formworks of profiled steel decking. The decking serves to support the concrete during casting and before it has cured sufficiently to support itself. It is important to ensure that after curing sufficient interaction between the concrete and steel has developed so that the assembly behave compositely. The rebar is placed in the steel decking prior to pouring as is a steel mesh that serves to minimise cracking over supports and to increase the fire resistance of the floor deck. Most decks achieve a satisfactory degree of shear connection with the concrete by the presence of embossments and indentations along the profile of the decking. This type of shear connection is known as a shear bond. (Steel Construciton Institute, 1994) The decking also contributes to the stabilisation of the structure against lateral torsional buckling of the steel supporting sections and transfers wind loading forces to the walls and columns. The decking also serves to minimise cracking of the concrete slab during expansion and contraction such as during curing and fire. This will be further discussed in Section 3. (Aida Rodera Garcia) The steel decking is normally in the range of 0.9-1.5mm thick and has a yield strength of 280-350 N/mm2. Higher strength steels may be used if the spans are longer than the norm. Typical spans for a composite floor deck are between 2.7 and 3.6m although longer spans may be achieved by shoring the deck during construction. Galvanisation of the faces of the decking is done to prevent damage to the steel during pouring and in service. 2.2.2.1 Concrete Type Strength Both Normal Weight Concrete (NWC) and Light Weight Concrete (LWC) may be used in composite floor slab construction. The most convenient method for concrete placement is by pump. The concrete type and grade is an important design consideration as it affects the final stiffness of the deck system and the strength of the shear connection. 2.2.2.2 Steel Decking Resistance The elastic moment resistance of the steel decking may be calculated from the effective breadth of the steel elements in compression. Stiffeners are present in the deck design and contribute to increasing the effectiveness of the section. In designing a deck system, moment redistribution is not allowed. This results in an underestimate of the critical load for the decking. (ECCS, 1993) 2.2.2.3 Deflection Deflection limits for a composite slab are generally the span/180. However, by shoring the composite slabs during casting, this can effectively be reduced to zero. Increased deflection limits of span/130 are allowed if pooling of the concrete occurs in the middle of the span after pouring. (ECCS, 1993) 2.2.2.4 Transverse Reinforcement The strength of the concrete should be checked to ensure it is capable of receiving the force transferred from the shear connectors. Where the concrete may be susceptible to cracking, the provision of transverse reinforcement perpendicular to the beam is required. (Aida Rodera Garcia) 2.2.3 Failure The ultimate moment resistance of a composite slab is defined as the point at which less than 2mm of longitudinal slip has occurred between the concrete and the decking. Failure of a composite deck is deemed to have occurred when slip of more than 2mm occurs. Failure most commonly occurs during curing before the concrete has reached its design strength. 2.2.4 Fire Resistance of Composite Sections The minimum slab depth will be determined by the fire insulation requirements and the amount of reinforcement that is necessary to withstand loading at the fire limit state. This will be dealt with in more detail in Chapter 3. 2.3 Composite Beams A composite beam can be structurally described as a T-Beam, with the top flange composed of concrete in compression and the steel section in tension. Forces between the two materials are transferred by shear connectors. The principle of composite action with regards to beams leads to increased strength and stiffness of the system whilst using a smaller steel section. The two main variants of composite beams used today are shown in Figure 6. Beams are usually composed of a UKB or UKC section, partially or fully encased in concrete for strength and fire resistance purposes. (ECCS, 1993) 2.3.1 Design In composite beam design, the steel section is first sized to adequately support all the loads acting on it. No contribution is taken into account from the concrete as it has not gained adequate strength for composite action. A common value for the load applied to the beam from the concrete slab is 0.75kN/m2. Once the loading has been calculated, the beam is designed according to Eurocode 3. The presence of steel decking normal to the steel section provides lateral restraint to the beam. In this case, the beam can reach its full plastic moment. In cases where the presence of steel decking is parallel to the beam, the beam is only laterally restrained at the connections at either end and the buckling resistance of the beam must be calculated based on its effective length. The effective breadth of the concrete flange, taken from the supported slab, is approximated as the span/8 on both sides of the beam. This results in an effective breadth of span/4 for simply supported internal beams. 2.4 Shear Connectors Shear connectors are an essential element of composite construction if it is to perform adequately. The main purpose of the shear connector is to provide longitudinal shear resistance between the materials so that they act compositely and to facilitate the interaction between the different materials and to allow them to act as one. (MCRMA, 2003) The shear connection between steel beams and concrete slabs is typically achieved by headed steel studs, welded to the top flange of the steel beam and subsequently encased in concrete. The performance of the studs depends on their dimensions and the spacing along the flange of the beam. Near supports, where the shear forces are greatest, the spacing is reduced. Shear studs can be welded through steel decking. Welding shear studs to the steel beams has a number of limitations and guidelines. The flange of the steel beam has to be bare and can not contain any contaminants such as intumescient paint used as fire protection or moisture. This method also works best when the thickness of the steel decking is less than 1.25mm. Weather conditions will also affect the use of this method of connection. Excess moisture in the air can result in the finished weld being brittle and prone to sudden failure. Shear connectors can also be placed during production although mistakes in placement can be difficult and costly to correct. The purpose of a shear connector is to primarily resist lateral shear forces and displacement between the beam and concrete slab. However, they are also designed to prevent upward displacement of the slab from the beam as it has a tendency to do. For this reason, the studs are headed to provide vertical resistance to seperation. 2.4.1 Types of Shear Connectors In the past, the most common method of shear connection was a headed stud. As welding is only suitable for decking with a minimum thickness, where the decking is too thin, nailed studs are used instead. The choice of which shear connector is used ultimately depends on the shear resistance required and the grade and strength of concrete used. There are four main types of shear connector in use today. The most common is the headed stud. However, with the advent of thinner composite decks, the use of headed studs is not practical. This had led to the introduction of nailed sheets of shear connectors. The dimensions of the most common stud are 19mm x 125mm and the method of connection to the steel beam is ceramic disk welding. (Aida Rodera Garcia) 2.4.1.1 Headed Studs The most common form of connecting materials compositely is with the use of headed shear studs. The behaviour of headed studs does not vary significantly when concrete properties are changed. Resistance to shear depends on the number of studs used and performance is less that that achieved by more modern shear connectors such as the Perfobondstrip or a welded T-Section. (Zingoni, 2001) The advantages of stud connectors is that the welding process is quick and simple, the placement of the studs does not interfere with the placement of reinforcement within the slab and they provide uniform resistance to shear in all directions normal to the axis of the stud. (Johnson, 2004) 2.4.1.2 Oscillating Perfobondstrip The curved form of an oscillating perfobondstrip provides better force transfer between steel and concrete than a continuous strip. The load capacity of this connector is larger than a headed stud or welded T-Section. This form of connector is most suited to light weight concrete or high strength normal weight concrete. Problems with this form of connection are difficulties in welding the section to the steel beam. (Zingoni, 2001) 2.4.1.3 Continuous Perfobondstrip The continuous perfobondstrip is similar to the oscillating perfobondstrip but achieves lower resistance values in all categories of concrete type and grade used. For this reason it is not as widely used as the oscillating form although welding is easier. 3.3.1.4 Welded T-Section Welded T-Section connectors perform very well in comparison to headed studs and achieve the same load resistance as oscillating perfobondstrip. Load capacity increases when Light Weight Concrete or high strength concrete is used. The strength comparisons of the shear connectors described above are shown in Table 1 below. The results were obtained from Galjaard and Walraven (2001) from tests carried out to Eurocode 4 standards for push-out resistance. It can be seen that large differences in resistance and ductility were observed. (Aida Rodera Garcia) 2.4.2 Shear Connector Design The choice of which shear connector design is open so long as it possesses the ductility and provides the necessary shear and separation resistance to the composite system. Headed studs are the most common form of connection and the design of such will be dealt with in this section. The design of shear connectors and composite slabs is given in Eurocode 4. Partial safety factors (ÃŽÂ ³v) of 1.25 for ultimate, 1.0 for serviceability and 1.0 for fire are specified in the codes. (Steel Construciton Institute, 1994) 2.4.2.1 Spacing The correct placement of studs along the upper flange of the beam is of great importance. It is important that the flange of the beam be clean, dry and free of contaminants such as paint or fire protection material. A number of conditions for the placement of studs are described below. The upper flange thickness may not be less than 40% of the diameter of the headed stud. After pouring, the head of the stud should have a minimum of 20mm cover. The minimum edge spacing of the headed studs is 20mm, to facilitate welding. Transverse spacing of headed studs must be greater than or equal to four times the diameter of the headed stud. Longitudinal spacing of the headed studs must lie between the minimum of five times the diameter of the headed stud and the maximum of 800mm or six times the overall depth of the slab, whichever is smaller. (ECCS, 1993) 2.4.2.2 Resistance of Shear Connectors The failure of a composite floor deck slab and the failure of shear connectors occurs due to either the strength of the concrete being surpassed or the strength of the weld connecting the studs to the flange of the beam failing. Shear connection design resistances are taken as the minimum of either the concrete or the headed stud. The equations for the design resistance of the concrete and the headed stud are given below. Where: d is the diameter of the headed stud. The ultimate tensile strength (fu) is most commonly 450N/mm2 and should not exceed 500N/mm2. The characteristic cylinder strength of the concrete is given by fck. Ec is the mean value of the secant modulus of the concrete. The values for different concrete strengths are given in the Annex Table 4. The value for ÃŽÂ ± is governed by the ratio of the height of the slab to the depth. The values of ÃŽÂ ± are given below. For 3 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ h/d à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 4, ÃŽÂ ± = 0.2(h/d +1) For h/d > 4, ÃŽÂ ± = 1.0 The partial safety factor () given by 1.25 in the ultimate limit state. (ECCS, 1993) Figure 10: Bearing stress on the shaft of a Headed Stud Connector (Johnson, 2004) 2.4.2.3 Degree of Shear Connection The degree of shear connection is based on whether the required numbers of shear connectors necessary for the composite beam to develop its full plastic moment have been installed. If fewer than the required amount necessary have been installed, the moment resistance of the composite system will be less than the maximum. The degree of shear connection is given by the equations below. Where Rc denotes the compressive resistance of the concrete slab and Rs denote the tensile resistance of the steel section. Both values are given by the equations below. Where hc is the depth of the concrete slab above the profiled decking. Eurocode 4 also provides provision for the minimum for the degree of shear connection based on the span (L) of the composite beam. These ratios are given below. For: L à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 5m, N/Nf à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 0.4 5m à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ L à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 25m, N/Nf à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 0.25 + 0.03L L > 25m, N/Nf à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 1.0 (ECCS, 1993) Chapter 3 Composite Steel Deck Floors in Fire 3.1 Background The performance of composite steel deck floors in fire has been much studied to assess the design considerations that must be implemented and for designing the rules for reinforcement placement. In general, composites perform well in fire due to the insulating properties of concrete and the role of correctly placed mesh reinforcement and metal decking. (BCSA, Corus, SCI, 2007) Research conducted in the UK has concluded that previous methods of designing composite floor decks for fire scenarios was over conservative and that composite floor performance in many common fire scenarios was satisfactory. (Steel Conctruction Institute, 1991) Composite steel deck floor systems are typically not provided any fire protection material although the supporting beam to which the floor is connected is fire protected. The profiled decking of a composite floor acts as some of the tensile reinforcement of the system. For this reason, it is important to account for the effects that elevated temperatures will have on the decking. (Steel Conctruction Institute, 1991) The main contributor to the fire resistance of a composite slab is the embedded rebar mesh in the slab. As the temperature of the profiled decking increases in a fire scenario, the resistance that it provides is neglected. Additional reinforcement in placed in the slab to compensate for the loss of strength of the decking at elevated temperatures. The embedded reinforcement mesh is insulated by concrete and maintains a temperature sufficient for load bearing at the fire limit state. The positioning of rebar within composite floors typically results in higher concrete cover compared to normal reinforced concrete slabs. This results in good fire performance as the temperature of the reinforcement will rarely approach critical levels. The positioning of the reinforcement in the upper of the slab also contributes to controlling spalling in fire. The decking of a composite does play an important role however in maintaining the integrity of the concrete slab during fire. It limits the passage of flame and hot gases into direct contact with the concrete and controls spalling. 3.2 Load Resistance in Fire Design of composite slabs in fire conditions is based on the ultimate limit state properties. A composite floor slab is assumed to behave in bending as either a simply supported or continuous element. The load resistance of a composite floor deck system is due to the floor behaving as a reinforced concrete slab with loads being resisted by the bending action of the slab. Failure of a slab in fire occurs as a result of reinforcement failure. (Corus Construction Industrial, 2006) 3.2.1 Methodology There are two main methods for calculating the fire resistance efficiency of a composite floor deck system, referred to as the fire engineering method and the simplified method. 3.2.1.1 Fire Engineering Method The fire engineering method is based on the assumption that in the fire limit state, the plastic moment capacity of the floor is reached at higher temperatures and that redistribution of moments occurs where the slab is continuous. Temperature gradient experiments have produced temperature profiles such as those present in the Eurocodes. These profiles can be used to calculate the capacities of the beam in both hogging and sagging bending. The capabilities of the beams in the fire limit state can then be assessed. 3.2.1.2 Simplified Method The simplified method involves little or no calculation and relies on test data of actual fires to design the reinforcement in the composite slab. The density of the mesh can be adjusted to account for point loads and increased moment around supports. In general, the simplified method will deliver a result that demands less reinforcement in the design whilst the fire engineering method will allow greater flexibility in positioning the reinforcement and customising fire resistance time periods. The use of different grades of concrete will affect the dimensions and composition of a composite slab. Light Weight Concrete (LWC) has better insulating properties versus Normal Weight Concrete and its use will result in thinner slabs. 3.2.1.3 Design Period Deflection Limits The fire resistance of a composite floor deck system is measured as the time that a floor system can maintain sufficient load-carrying ability, maintain its integrity or by limiting heat transfer through the slab. The load-carrying ability of the composite floor system is measured by the amount of deflection that the system undergoes during fire exposure. Deflection greater than the span/30 is deemed critical as is a deflection rate greater than span2/9000d mm/min between deflections equalling span/30 and span/20. The integrity of the composite floor is deemed satisfactory for fire resistance if it can limit the passage of flame and hot gases. The insulating properties of concrete are deemed sufficient for fire resistance if after fire exposure, the upper surface temperature of the concrete slab remains below 140 °C. (Steel Conctruction Institute, 1991) 3.2.1.4 Reinforcement Fire resistance of a composite deck is attributed to the positioning of reinforcement in a mesh configuration within the slab. The most common forms of mesh are A142 mesh (6mm wires at 200mm c/c) and A193 mesh (7mm wires at 200mm c/c), the numbers referring to the cross-sectional area of steel per metre run, although larger gauges may be used if necessary. The tensile strength of the reinforcement is typically 450-500N/mm2. The positioning of the mesh is in the upper portion of the slab with a minimum cover and can be arranged to resist hogging or sagging bending or a combination thereof. (Aida Rodera Garcia) 3.3 The Fire Engineering Method The fire engineering method for composite slab design is discussed in this section. The partial safety factors at the fire limit state for materials and loads are outlined below. Materials: Steel: ÃŽÂ ³mr = 1.0 Concrete: ÃŽÂ ³mc = 1.3 Loads: Dead: ÃŽÂ ³fd = 1.0 Imposed ÃŽÂ ³fi = 1.0 3.3.1 Materials In conjunction with a suitable design fire scenario, it is possible to account for the reduction in strength of both the reinforcement and the concrete in fire conditions. With elevated temperatures, a reduction factor K may be used to account for the loss of strength associated with the increase in temperature. The table of reduction factors is given in Annex Table 5. The equations used for assessing the design strengths of the reinforcement and concrete at elevated temperatures including the reduction factor (K) are given below. Reinforcement: Concrete (Steel Conctruction Institute, 1991) 3.3.2 Depth The minimum depth of the concrete slab is taken from the tables below. Different values are obtained depending on the type of decking used, such as trapezoidal or re-entrant, and the concrete grade. This minimum depth satisfies the insulation requirement for composite slabs during fire exposure. Alternatively, the minimum depth may be taken from experimental test results from buildings of a similar design. (Steel Conctruction Institute, 1991) (Aida Rodera Garcia) 3.4 The Simplified Method The simplified method consists of installing a layer of mesh (A142, A193 or similar) in the upper layer of the concrete. One of the main differences between the Fire Engineering Method and the Simplified Method is that relatively few calculations are required for the Simplified. An outline of the Simplified Method is a follows: Imposed loads on a composite floor deck slab should not exceed 6.7kN/m2. The mesh size is chosen based on the required fire resistance period and the span of the slab. The minimum cover to any part of the mesh must be at least 15mm and not greater than 45mm. The span of a composite floor slab designed using the Simplified Method is typically 3.6m although spans greater than this may be used if adequate calculation is carried out. 3.5 Comparison of Methods While no method is definitively better than the other, they both have advantages over the other. The Simplified Method is more economical and is based directly on test results and not on theoretical calculation, which has a tendency to under-estimate the strength of materials. The Simplified Method also takes into account the contribution from the profiled steel deck even though the contribution may be small compared to that from the reinforcement mesh. The Fire Engineering Method however allows great flexibility in the customisation of the reinforcement and fire resistance periods. It is generally more expensive to design using this method as opposed to the Simplified Method though will result in thinner slabs that utilise more reinforcement. 3.6 Shear Connectors in Fire The performance of shear connectors in fire has not been widely studied. One of the major research projects on shear connectors in fire was The Restrained Beam Test conducted by British Steel as part of the Cardington Fire Tests in January 1995. The test consisted of the heating of a secondary beam and an area of the surrounding slab on the seventh-floor of the test structure. The steel section tested was a 305165 UB40 that was heated along 8m of its 9m length. Only the top 70mm of the concrete slab was taken into account. This was the maximum height of the slab above the troughs of the profiled decking. (Huang, Burgess, Plank, 1999) The temperature distributions in the steel beam and concrete slab were taken as averages of the test results recorded across the cross-sections of the components. The temperature of headed studs exposed to fire was approximated as 75% of the temperature reached by the top flange of the steel section. (Huang, Burgess, Plank, 1999) The degree of shear connection in the heated beam was assumed to be partial whilst the rest of the composite floor deck systems in the surrounding area were modelled as having full shear interaction. Analysis of the test results showed that the deflection at the mid-span of the heated beam increased with temperature. It was concluded from this that the assumption that partial interaction was corre